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| 1 |
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Q:
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T lymphocytes mature in which of the following locations |
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A
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Thyroid |
B
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Bone marrow |
C
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Lymph nodes |
D
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Thymus |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 2 |
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Q:
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The RAG complex in somatic recombination is essential to producing the high variability in V(D)J antibodies in T and B cells. A person with a mutation in the RAG complex which renders the complex nonfunctional is likely to experience which of the following problems |
|
A
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autoimmune attack of the pancreatic insulin-producing cells |
B
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severe allergic responses |
C
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no adaptive immune response |
D
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overcompensation of somatic hypermutation in B cells to compensate for the loss of somatic recombination |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 3 |
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Q:
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A malfunction of the lymph nodes would most likely interfere with the |
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A
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release of carbon dioxide into the lymph |
B
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filtering of glucose from the lymph |
C
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release of oxygen into the lymph |
D
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filtering of foreign particles from the lymph |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 4 |
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Q:
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The innate immune system is an ancient defense mechanism found in many organisms. One characteristic of an innate immune system compared with the adaptive immune system is the inability to establish immunological memory. Which of the following incidents will establish immunological memory? |
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A
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viral antigen exposure |
B
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infection with worm parasites in the blood |
C
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inflammation from cells damaged by a clean cut |
D
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endotoxin from lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 5 |
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Q:
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Plasma cells are differentiated
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A
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B cells |
B
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T cells |
C
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NK cells |
D
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monocytes |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 6 |
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Q:
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Immunoglobulin antibodies perform which of the following processes |
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A
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cleave exotoxins |
B
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stimulate exocytosis of viruses from infected cells |
C
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aid in phagocytosis of foreign bacteria |
D
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chelate toxic heavy metals |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 7 |
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Q:
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The immune system of a particular individual reacts the same way to a pathogen every time the pathogen is encountered. Assuming the pathogen initiates adaptive immune response in normal individuals, which of the following tasks of the immune system is likely defective in the affected individual?
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A
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immunological recognition |
B
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immune effector functions |
C
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immune regulation |
D
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immunological memory |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 8 |
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Q:
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The T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor molecules (TCR and BCR) involved in immunological response are analogous to which of the following structures
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A
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immunoglobulins |
B
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phospholipids |
C
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lipopolysaccharide |
D
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tyrosine kinase receptors |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 9 |
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Q:
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A person who has had their spleen removed |
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A
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has a weakened immune system and would be more susceptible to infection. |
B
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should decrease consumption of triglycerides. |
C
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should decrease consumption of polysaccharides. |
D
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cannot produce bile salts. |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 10 |
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Q:
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As blood travels through the capillaries, fluid squeezes out into surrounding tissues. What is the main fate of this fluid? |
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A
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Release as sweat |
B
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Release as urine |
C
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Recirculation via lymph system |
D
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Use in metabolism |
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Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
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| 11 |
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Q:
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Plasma cells are derived from |
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A
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T lymphocytes |
B
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B lymphocytes |
C
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Neutrophils and Eosinophils |
D
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Platelets |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 12 |
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Q:
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Many bacteria that enter the circulatory system are engulfed and destroyed by |
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A
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phagocytic white blood cells |
B
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pinocytic red blood cells |
C
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plasma |
D
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platelets |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 13 |
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Q:
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Aplastic anemia is a condition that results in the decreased production of blood cells by the bone marrow. One known cause of aplastic anemia is autoimmune reaction against the bone marrow. A potential treatment is a bone marrow transplant to replace the immune system. Which of the following is an inherent risk associated with such a procedure? |
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A
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The body will be devoid of an immune system during the transition period from one immune system to the other. |
B
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It is exceedingly difficult to oxygenate the body during the transplant due to the cessation of red blood cell production. |
C
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Bone integrity decreases during the transplant; this increases the risk of fractures. |
D
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The new immune system may mount an autoimmune attack against other tissues of the body. |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 14 |
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Q:
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Obstruction of the lymph nodes will likely have which of the following effects on the surrounding tissue? |
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A
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Dehydration |
B
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Poor blood supply |
C
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Increase in melanin production
|
D
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Accumulation of interstitial fluids |
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Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
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| 15 |
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Q:
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M. tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, causes latent infection in a vast majority of infected patients. These latent infections are characterized by granulomas - small areas of infected tissue that are surrounded by immune cells in an attempt to contain the spread of the bacteria. These granulomas can persist indefinitely without progressing to the disease, leaving the patient unaware of his infection. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the formation of granulomas? |
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A
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The immune system is unable to eradicate the bacteria, so it walls them off to prevent their spreading. |
B
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The bacteria induce formation of granuloma to protect themselves from the immune system. |
C
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The immune system retains the latent infection to prevent opportunistic infection from other, more destructive bacteria. |
D
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The bacteria go into dormancy; dormant bacteria cannot be removed by the immune system, thereby resulting in granuloma formation. |
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Tags:
Prokaryotes | Immune System | |
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| 16 |
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Q:
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Norovirus is a cause of viral gastroenteritis. The immune response generated by norovirus is often temporary, suggesting which of the following statements? |
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A
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An individual is susceptible to infection by the same strain of norovirus many times, though not in immediate succession. |
B
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An individual is susceptible to infection by the same strain of norovirus many times, even in immediate succession. |
C
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An individual is susceptible to infection by a particular strain of norovirus only once |
D
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An individual is susceptible to any norovirus infection only once |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 17 |
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Q:
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In humans, immunoglobulin antibodies are produced by which of the following types of cells? |
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A
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T cells |
B
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B cells |
C
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Islets of Langerhans |
D
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bursa of Fabricius |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 18 |
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Q:
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A man suffers from an E. coli (gram negative) infection. After taking antibiotics, blood tests indicate that the E. coli infection are dead. However, the man soon develops a high fever and inflammation. This is most likely due to
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A
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the peptidoglycan of the cell wall
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B
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the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane
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C
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the flagellin from the flagella
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D
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the E. coli spores that evaded detection and later germinated
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Tags:
Prokaryotes | Immune System | |
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| 19 |
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Q:
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Which of the following is the first line of defense for the
immune system of the human body? |
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A
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epithelia |
B
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digestive system |
C
|
blood |
D
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lymphatic system |
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|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 20 |
Go |
Q:
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Which of the following enzymes is found in saliva and teardrops and acts as an antibacterial agent? |
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A
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lysozyme |
B
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pectinase |
C
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protease |
D
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phosphatase |
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|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 21 |
Go |
Q:
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Which of the following statements regarding endotoxins is false? |
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A
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Endotoxins can cause inflammation. |
B
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Endotoxins can cause fever. |
C
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Endotoxins are secreted out of bacteria. |
D
|
Endotoxins can be produced by gram positive bacteria. |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 22 |
Go |
Q:
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An individual with blood type O receives blood from a blood type A donor. An immune response is triggered because |
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A
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The blood is foreign, and, like any foreign tissue, will be rejected upon transfusion |
B
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The donor blood was infected during the transfusion process and the recipient immune system is responding to the infection |
C
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Blood type A lacks an antigen that is required by the blood type O recipient immune system to avoid rejection |
D
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Blood type A has an antigen that is recognized as foreign by the blood type O recipient |
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Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
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| 23 |
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Q:
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Cytotoxic T cells are also known as CD8+ T cells, denoting the presence of CD8. CD8 is a |
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A
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co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR) |
B
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analog of the T cell receptor (TCR) |
C
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protein that cytotoxic T cells recognize when inducing death in infected target cells |
D
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protein that cytotoxic T cells secrete to kill infected target cells |
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|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 24 |
Go |
Q:
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Cytomegalovirus is a type of herpes virus which easily infects people. The majority of people infected are unaware of the infection, and the virus integrates into the host genome and almost always lies dormant for the lifespan of the any infected patient. This information suggests which of the following regarding the population effects of cytomegalovirus? |
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A
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Immunocompromised patients will be unable to clear the viral infection while healthy people will be able to remove the virus from their bodies. |
B
|
The virus cannot spread by person-to-person contact and must be contracted directly from the viral reservoir. |
C
|
Infection with the virus creates and immune response that is capable of clearing other herpes viruses like herpes simplex 1 and 2. |
D
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The percentage of people infected with cytomegalovirus should be greater for the elderly than for children. |
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|
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Tags:
Viruses | Immune System | |
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| 25 |
Go |
Q:
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Allergies are typically developed after a first exposure to an antigen. The onset of an immune response is rapid and the effects are acute. The recognition of the allergenic antigens is typically mediated by which component of the immune system, and under which category does this component fall? |
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A
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immunoglobulins; innate immune system |
B
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immunoglobulins; adaptive immune system |
C
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complement; innate immune system |
D
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complement; adaptive immune system |
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|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 26 |
Go |
Q:
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Which type of hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE? |
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A
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Type I |
B
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Type II |
C
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Type III |
D
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Type IV |
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 27 |
Go |
Q:
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Which of the following is most likely to be an effective, but not definitive, innate immune system assay for endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a bacteria-derived sample? |
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A
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Injecting the sample into a rabbit and measuring rapid onset of fever and inflammation |
B
|
Feeding the sample to mice and testing for blood in the feces |
C
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Adding the sample to an immortalized cell line of a mouse B lymphoma and measuring antibody output |
D
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Adding the sample to a culture of E. coli and measuring growth inhibition |
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Tags:
Prokaryotes | Immune System | |
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| 29 |
Go |
Q:
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Lysozyme is secreted as a part of the innate immune system. It serves to degrade bacterial cell walls and induce lysis. At which of the following locations would the highest concentrations of lysozyme normally be found? |
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A
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mouth |
B
|
nailbeds |
C
|
kidneys |
D
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liver |
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|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 30 |
Go |
Q:
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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) is an enzyme that does not require a template and can essentially add a random sequence of nucleotides to a DNA strand. B and T lymphocytes express the enzyme during development as a mechanism for having each cell produce a unique antigen receptor protein. Certain lymphocytes, however, lack TDT. Such lymphocytes would be expected to |
|
A
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have limited diversity of their antigen receptors. |
B
|
employ DNA Polymerase III to generate diverse antigen receptors. |
C
|
be especially susceptible to attack by foreign antigens. |
D
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be more short-lived in the blood due to stunted growth. |
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|
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Tags:
Control of Enzyme Activity | Immune System | |
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| 31 |
Go |
Q:
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Which of the following is correct regarding the immune response in humans? |
|
A
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B cells act to release antibodies, independent of T cell activity |
B
|
Autoimmunity represents hypersensitivity to foreign molecules |
C
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An antibody can serve as an antigen to the immune system |
D
|
Memory B cells release antibodies on a slower timescale than naive B cells |
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|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 32 |
Go |
Q:
|
A bacterium releases an antigen which causes a localized inflammation response in a cut. The inflammation itself is a result of |
|
A
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antigen aggregation stimulating bacterial evasive heating |
B
|
cytokine release by the host immune system |
C
|
increased volume of rapidly-replicating bacteria |
D
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reduced blood flow to the cut site to prevent the infection from spreading to the bloodstream |
|
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Tags:
Prokaryotes | Immune System | |
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| 33 |
Go |
Q:
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Which of the following cell types are not within the innate immune system? |
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A
|
NK cells |
B
|
B cells |
C
|
Monocytes |
D
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Dendritic cells |
|
|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 34 |
Go |
Q:
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A blood sample is obtained from a patient with severe immunodeficiency. Which of the following mechanisms would not provide a plausible explanation? |
|
A
|
B cell mutation prevents the formation of antibodies |
B
|
T cells lack proper surface proteins to assist in activation of B cells |
C
|
Damaged bone marrow prevents production of immune cell precursors |
D
|
Compromised thymus prevents the production of immune system stem cells |
|
|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 35 |
Go |
Q:
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After an individual has been infected with certain pathogens and has cleared the infection, a second infection with the same pathogen will often elicit a much faster and stronger response. This second response can even clear the infection before the individual notices he or she is sick. Which of the following is responsible for the managing the second immune response? |
|
A
|
innate immune system |
B
|
adaptive immune system |
C
|
complement cascade |
D
|
vaccination |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 36 |
Go |
Q:
|
Despite being very different viruses, rhinovirus and influenza virus (both affecting the respiratory system) can cause some similar symptoms. The reason for this is: |
|
A
|
both viruses have similar replication mechanisms. |
B
|
all viruses induce the same responses by the body. |
C
|
many immune responses are generic and similar regardless of the pathogen. |
D
|
the symptoms are caused by the medication used to treat the viruses. |
|
|
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Tags:
Viruses | Immune System | |
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| 37 |
Go |
Q:
|
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria N. gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae is characterized by pili and other surface proteins which are used to adhere to genitourinary tissues in humans. These genes that code for pili undergo continuous antigenic variation through homologous recombination and phase variation (turning the genes "on" and "off"). Although growing antibiotic resistance has been an issue, vaccinations are not considered a very plausible preventative measure for gonorrhea. Why?
|
|
A
|
Antibiotic treatment has been very effective and new antibiotics are constantly created. |
B
|
There are no surface antigens on N. gonorrhoeae for which antibodies can be generated against. |
C
|
A bacterial infection by N. gonorrhoeae elicits a rapid natural immune response, so a vaccine is not required. |
D
|
The antigenic variation of the N. gonorrhoeae pili genes generates constant new variations of the pili surface antigens. |
|
|
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Tags:
Viruses | Immune System | |
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| 38 |
Go |
Q:
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Glucocorticoids are often used as immunosuppressants. As a result, they would be most useful for treatment of which of the following? |
|
A
|
food poisoning |
B
|
HIV infection |
C
|
hyperthyroidism |
D
|
allergies |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 39 |
Go |
Q:
|
Neutropenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils which constitute the majority of white blood cells in the body. This can have adverse effects on the immune system and leave patients prone to infection. Which of the following would NOT be expected to cause neutropenia? |
|
A
|
Chemical damage to the bone marrow |
B
|
Autoimmune neutrophil targeting |
C
|
An abundance of hematopoetic stem cells |
D
|
Radiation exposure |
|
|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 40 |
Go |
Q:
|
Amebocytes are motile cells in various invertebrates. They traverse the blood and interstitial fluids, sometimes digesting food and disposing of various wastes. Amebocytes are therefore most similar to which of the following human cells? |
|
A
|
macrophages |
B
|
erythrocytes |
C
|
intestinal epithelial cells |
D
|
osteocytes |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 41 |
Go |
Q:
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Which the following describes a role of mature CD8+ T-cells? |
|
A
|
Releases granulocytes to allow for platelet activation |
B
|
Signaling to red blood cells to continue proliferation |
C
|
The destruction of infected cells |
D
|
Production of antibodies for humoral immunity |
|
|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 42 |
Go |
Q:
|
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism by which short RNA sequences bind onto specific targets of RNA molecules. One of its consequences is the targeting of RNA molecules for intracellular destruction. This protects cells against viral and other infectious RNA molecules. In this capacity, RNAi's function is analogous to which of the following? |
|
A
|
macrophages |
B
|
cytotoxic T cells |
C
|
antibodies |
D
|
apoptosis |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 43 |
Go |
Q:
|
A particular substance causes an immune reaction within the first 10 minutes of exposure in humans and mainly utilizes humoral immunity. It can be inferred that this process |
|
A
|
does not require immune cells to act |
B
|
requires that antibodies be present |
C
|
likely does not require B cells |
D
|
utilizes phagocytes |
|
|
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Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 44 |
Go |
Q:
|
Motor vehicle accidents can frequently result in splenic rupture which requires that the spleen be surgically removed. In an individual who undergoes such a removal, which of the following effects would not be expected? |
|
A
|
Decreased red blood cell production |
B
|
Decreased filtration of red blood cells |
C
|
Decreased ability of the body to store red blood cells |
D
|
Decreased ability to fight certain infections |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
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| 45 |
Go |
Q:
|
B lymphocytes are distinct from T lymphocytes in that: |
|
A
|
they mature in the thymus. |
B
|
they are uninvolved in production of antibodies. |
C
|
they have the ability to destroy cells infected with virus. |
D
|
they are involved in humoral immunity rather than cell-mediated immunity. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 46 |
Go |
Q:
|
Innate immunity includes all of the following except: |
|
A
|
mast cells |
B
|
phagocytes |
C
|
complement system |
D
|
cytotoxic T-cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 47 |
Go |
Q:
|
An individual is found be producing antibodies against key hormone-producing components of the thyroid gland. The production of these antibodies is most likely a result of which of the following? |
|
A
|
An autoimmune disorder |
B
|
An active viral infection |
C
|
An active bacterial infection |
D
|
A line of cancerous cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 48 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following events is best associated with an autoimmune disease? |
|
A
|
B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens |
B
|
The acquired immune system is hindered and fails to recognize a subsequent infection by the same antigen. |
C
|
A molecule belonging to the host is treated like an antigen, which triggers an immune response. |
D
|
A hereditary defect causing the innate immune system to fail at producing an immune response |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 49 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is NOT true regarding lymphatic cells and their function(s)? |
|
A
|
Neutrophils are phagocytic cells.
|
B
|
Eosinophils secrete enzymes that fight against parasites.
|
C
|
Basophils secrete the antidiuretic hormone to aid in vasodilation.
|
D
|
B cells secrete antibodies.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 50 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following would NOT enhance phagocytosis by macrophages? |
|
A
|
Clumping of microbes
|
B
|
Decreased phagocyte surface receptors |
C
|
The binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes
|
D
|
Increased concentration of peroxides inside lysosomes
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | Viruses | |
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| 52 |
Go |
Q:
|
A new atherosclerosis drug has unexpected side effects which result in the obstruction of the lymph nodes. This obstruction of the lymph nodes would most likely result in: |
|
A
|
a reduction in the filtering of red blood cells.
|
B
|
the accumulation of interstitial fluids.
|
C
|
a reduction in white blood cell production.
|
D
|
lower blood pressure.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
|
| 53 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is true of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? |
|
A
|
Four classes of the major histocompatibility complex exist.
|
B
|
T cells do not detect infections through MHC.
|
C
|
MHC I acts as a signal for viruses.
|
D
|
MHC molecules display protein fragments from a pathogen for recognition by B cells.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Protein Structure and Function | Immune System | Membrane Transport and Signalling | |
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| 54 |
Go |
Q:
|
Patients on immunosuppressants would NOT be more susceptible to which of the following? |
|
A
|
bacterial infection |
B
|
viral infection |
C
|
cancer |
D
|
allergies |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 55 |
Go |
Q:
|
Exposure to endotoxin triggers a rapid immune response without requiring past exposure. The immune response is most likely mediated by: |
|
A
|
the innate immune system. |
B
|
B cells. |
C
|
T cells. |
D
|
the adaptive immune system. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 56 |
Go |
Q:
|
Immunoglobulins that trigger different responses by the immune system differ by their: |
|
A
|
constant region |
B
|
antigen-binding site |
C
|
antigen |
D
|
variable region |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
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| 57 |
Go |
Q:
|
Neutrophils are an example of a(n): |
|
A
|
monocyte. |
B
|
lymphocyte. |
C
|
erythrocyte. |
D
|
granulocyte. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 58 |
Go |
Q:
|
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer in which blood testing can reveal very high concentrations of antibodies, all which are produced by a single clonal cell that has proliferated significantly. Which of the following cell types is affected in multiple myeloma? |
|
A
|
Cytotoxic T-cell |
B
|
Helper T-cell |
C
|
Granulocytes |
D
|
Plasma cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 59 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following cells would be expected to have MHC class I molecules?
I. macrophages
II. dendritic cells
III. B lymphocytes |
|
A
|
I only |
B
|
I and II only |
C
|
II only |
D
|
I, II, and III |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 60 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is the predominant site for the maturation of T-cells? |
|
A
|
lymph nodes |
B
|
spleen |
C
|
bone marrow |
D
|
thymus |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 61 |
Go |
Q:
|
Negative selection, as it pertains to the immune system, refers to: |
|
A
|
apoptosis of cells that recognize self. |
B
|
apoptosis of B-cells that recognize foreign bacteria. |
C
|
downregulation of APC proliferation. |
D
|
stimulation of T-cell mediated destruction of inactive B-cells. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 62 |
Go |
Q:
|
All of the following cell types are derived from myeloid progenitor cells EXCEPT: |
|
A
|
erythrocytes. |
B
|
macrophages. |
C
|
eosinophils. |
D
|
plasma cells. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 63 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is accurate regarding immunoglobulins? |
|
A
|
All Immunoglobulins have antigen-binding regions. |
B
|
Immunoglobulins bind to molecules referred to as opsons. |
C
|
Immunoglobulins are created by T-cells. |
D
|
Immunuglobulins are composed of either light chains or heavy chains, but not both. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 64 |
Go |
Q:
|
Positive selection in the immune system results in: |
|
A
|
apoptosis of T-cells which recognize self. |
B
|
proliferation of T-cells in the periphery. |
C
|
increase of the immune function of T-cells when they leave the thymus. |
D
|
choosing only T-cells capable of recognizing MHC. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 65 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following regions of the body, if damaged, would affect the maturation of T-cells? |
|
A
|
bone marrow |
B
|
spleen |
C
|
thymus |
D
|
lymph nodes |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 66 |
Go |
Q:
|
The complement cascade is a subset of the: |
|
A
|
innate immune system. |
B
|
humoral immune system. |
C
|
B-cell dependent immune pathway. |
D
|
allergic reaction pathway. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 67 |
Go |
Q:
|
A clinician would like to evaluate a patient's hematopoietic progenitors to evaluate for problems. Which of the following organs, if biopsied, could provide data on these cells? |
|
A
|
Bone marrow |
B
|
Thymus |
C
|
Spleen |
D
|
Liver |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 68 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following cell types give rise to plasma cells? |
|
A
|
B-cells |
B
|
T-cells |
C
|
Phagocytes |
D
|
Dendritic cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
| 69 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is not an antibody class? |
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Immune System | |
|
|
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