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| 1 |
Go |
Q:
|
A swimmer holds her breath underwater and swims as far and fast as she can before resurfacing to breathe. At the end of this physical exertion, her blood will |
|
A
|
have a lower pH |
B
|
have a higher pH |
C
|
have a lower nitrogen concentration |
D
|
have a lower carbon dioxide concentration |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 2 |
Go |
Q:
|
After high salt intake, which of the following would you expect to happen to the blood? |
|
A
|
decreased blood pressure due to removal of salt from the blood and inflow to surrounding tissues |
B
|
decreased blood pressure due to an inflow of water to the blood from surrounding tissues |
C
|
increased blood pressure due to removal of salt from the blood and inflow to surrounding tissues |
D
|
increased blood pressure due to an inflow of water to the blood from surrounding tissues |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Equilibrium | |
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| 3 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following depicts the correct path of blood through the body from the heart? |
|
A
|
left ventricle, aorta, vena cavae, right atrium |
B
|
left ventricle, aorta, vena cavae, capillaries |
C
|
aorta, left ventricle, vena cavae, right atrium |
D
|
aorta, left ventricle, vena cavae, capillaries |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 4 |
Go |
Q:
|
There are four human blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Which of the following best explains the relative incompatibility of the people with an O blood type with the other three blood types? |
|
A
|
Those with blood type O require a specific nutrient present only in O blood. |
B
|
Type O blood lacks preventative factors against a compatibility with A, B, and AB blood. |
C
|
Type O blood contains differently shaped blood cells; these geometrical differences between O blood and A, B, and AB blood prevent compatibility. |
D
|
Type O blood contains antibodies against A and B blood, thus an individual with O blood can only accept blood of type O. |
|
|
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Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 5 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following structures is most necessary for the proper function of cardiac muscle?
|
|
A
|
tight junction |
B
|
desmosome |
C
|
gap junction |
D
|
centriole |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Circulatory System | |
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| 6 |
Go |
Q:
|
Calcium ions regulate the contraction of muscle tissue. When calcium ions are released from the endoplasmic reticulum, the muscle fiber contracts and continues to contract until the calcium has been sequestered. Which of the following is the most likely result of an intravenous CaCl2 injection into a warm-blooded mammal? |
|
A
|
renal failure |
B
|
cardiac arrest |
C
|
lymphoid tissue damage |
D
|
choking |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 7 |
Go |
Q:
|
The order of normal blood flow through the human heart is |
|
A
|
right ventricle right atrium lungs left ventricle left atrium body |
B
|
right ventricle right atrium body left ventricle left atrium lungs |
C
|
right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body |
D
|
right atrium, right ventricle, body, left atrium, left ventricle, lungs |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 8 |
Go |
Q:
|
A pulse can be detected most easily in |
|
A
|
an artery |
B
|
a vein |
C
|
a capillary |
D
|
a lacteal |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 9 |
Go |
Q:
|
The purpose of the superior vena cava is to |
|
A
|
collect oxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the heart |
B
|
collect oxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart |
C
|
collect deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the heart |
D
|
collect deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 10 |
Go |
Q:
|
Pulmonary hypertension is a condition involving the increase in blood pressure in pulmonary vessels. Which condition is most likely to cause an increase pressure in the pulmonary vessels? |
|
A
|
constriction of pulmonary arteries and dilation of pulmonary veins |
B
|
constriction of pulmonary veins and dilation of pulmonary arteries |
C
|
dilation of pulmonary arteries and dilation of pulmonary veins |
D
|
none of these conditions will cause an increase in pulmonary blood pressure |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 11 |
Go |
Q:
|
A pulse can be detected most easily in a(n) |
|
A
|
artery |
B
|
vein |
C
|
capillary |
D
|
lacteal |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 12 |
Go |
Q:
|
As blood travels through the capillaries, fluid squeezes out into surrounding tissues. What is the main fate of this fluid? |
|
A
|
Release as sweat |
B
|
Release as urine |
C
|
Recirculation via lymph system |
D
|
Use in metabolism |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
|
| 13 |
Go |
Q:
|
What is the main biological reason for why hemoglobin is the main oxygen transport protein in the blood as opposed to myoglobin? |
|
A
|
Hemoglobin binds oxygen tighter than myoglobin, making it a more successful protein for oxygen transport. |
B
|
Myoglobin acts as an allosteric enzyme, making it less preferable for oxygen transport. |
C
|
Myoglobin binds oxygen much tighter than hemoglobin, increasing efficiency of transport when hemoglobin is the oxygen transport protein. |
D
|
Myoglobin is structurally incapable of successful travel through the blood stream. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 14 |
Go |
Q:
|
Obstruction of the lymph nodes will likely have which of the following effects on the surrounding tissue? |
|
A
|
Dehydration |
B
|
Poor blood supply |
C
|
Increase in melanin production
|
D
|
Accumulation of interstitial fluids |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
|
| 15 |
Go |
Q:
|
What is the mechanism of oxygen transport from the lungs into the bloodstream? |
|
A
|
Osmosis |
B
|
Simple Diffusion |
C
|
Active transport |
D
|
Facilitated diffusion |
|
|
|
Tags:
Respiratory System | Circulatory System | Gases | |
|
| 16 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which property of a drug would most inhibit its ability to be delivered to its target via the bloodstream? |
|
A
|
High toxicity |
B
|
Low water solubility |
C
|
Induction of immune tolerance |
D
|
None of these would inhibit the delivery of a drug to its targets |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 17 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following statements regarding capillaries is false? |
|
A
|
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body |
B
|
Capillary walls are 1 cell thick |
C
|
Capillaries dead end, returning deoxygenated blood to their original arterioles which lead directly to venules |
D
|
Nonpolar molecules such as gasses diffuse through capillary walls without special transport mechanisms. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 18 |
Go |
Q:
|
Through which of the following blood vessels does blood travel most slowly? |
|
A
|
Capillaries |
B
|
The Aorta |
C
|
Arteries |
D
|
Veins |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 19 |
Go |
Q:
|
All of the following are traits of hemoglobin EXCEPT |
|
A
|
a sigmoidal binding curve |
B
|
the ability to be affected by pH changes |
C
|
being composed of a dimer of monomers |
D
|
binding oxygen less tightly than myoglobin |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 20 |
Go |
Q:
|
Restriction of blood flow in the pulmonary artery would result in which of the following? |
|
A
|
Increased blood pressure in the lungs |
B
|
Decreased blood pressure in the lungs |
C
|
Increased blood pressure in vessels servicing the heart |
D
|
Decreased blood pressure in vessels servicing the heart |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 21 |
Go |
Q:
|
The two types of bone marrow are red marrow and yellow marrow. Yellow marrow is composed primarily of fat cells, while red marrow is hematopoietic. Which of the following is most likely true about red marrow? |
|
A
|
Red marrow recycles red blood cells. |
B
|
Red marrow is the maturation site of T cells. |
C
|
Red marrow produces red blood cells. |
D
|
Red marrow stores most of the anthocyanins in the body which are powerful antioxidants. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 22 |
Go |
Q:
|
Veins are defined as |
|
A
|
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood |
B
|
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood |
C
|
Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart |
D
|
Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 23 |
Go |
Q:
|
The average cardiac output of an adult male is 5 liters per minute. What is the approximate cardiac output of the adult male left ventricle? |
|
A
|
0 L/min |
B
|
2.5 L/min |
C
|
5 L/min |
D
|
10 L/min |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 24 |
Go |
Q:
|
An individual with blood type O receives blood from a blood type A donor. An immune response is triggered because |
|
A
|
The blood is foreign, and, like any foreign tissue, will be rejected upon transfusion |
B
|
The donor blood was infected during the transfusion process and the recipient immune system is responding to the infection |
C
|
Blood type A lacks an antigen that is required by the blood type O recipient immune system to avoid rejection |
D
|
Blood type A has an antigen that is recognized as foreign by the blood type O recipient |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
|
| 25 |
Go |
Q:
|
Double circulation refers to |
|
A
|
flow through the arterial and venous circuits simultaneously |
B
|
flow into and out of the brain simultaneously |
C
|
timing of the left ventricle to contract after the left atrium |
D
|
two circuits of blood flow: to/from the lungs for oxygenation and to/from the rest of the body |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 26 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following has the largest total cross-sectional area? |
|
A
|
Aorta |
B
|
Capillaries |
C
|
Arterioles |
D
|
Small Veins |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 27 |
Go |
Q:
|
Cardiac contraction is chemically caused by |
|
A
|
Changes in intracellular sodium concentration |
B
|
Changes in intracellular calcium concentration |
C
|
Interactions of potassium with contractile tubules |
D
|
None of the above |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 28 |
Go |
Q:
|
Hemoglobin contains four subunits, each capable of binding oxygen. What effect does this have on the effectiveness of hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier? |
|
A
|
Allows for cooperativity in oxygen binding |
B
|
Hemoglobin is four times more efficient at carrying oxygen than one of its subunits |
C
|
Lower likelihood of mutations having a large impact on oxygen transport through the body |
D
|
The larger structure allows for slower movement, increasing time for oxygen pick-up and drop-off. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Protein Structure and Function | Circulatory System | |
|
| 31 |
Go |
Q:
|
How many of the following contribute to the formation of a blood clot?
- Platelets
- Thrombin
- Aspirin
- Dicumarol
- Calcium ions
- Fibrin
- Basophils
|
|
A
|
all of the above |
B
|
none of the above |
C
|
3 of the above |
D
|
4 of the above |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 32 |
Go |
Q:
|
Blood in the pulmonary arteries is rich in:
|
|
A
|
nitric acid |
B
|
oxyhemoglobin |
C
|
carbaminohemoglobin |
D
|
carboxylic acid |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 33 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following correctly assigns the ascending order of blood pressure in the given vascular tissues? |
|
A
|
Venae cavae < arterioles < large veins < aorta |
B
|
Venae cavae < large veins < arterioles < aorta |
C
|
Arterioles < large veins < aorta < venae cavae |
D
|
Arterioles < aorta < venae cavae < large veins |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 34 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following are responsible for the hardening of arteries (atherosclerosis)? |
|
A
|
Low-density Lipoproteins |
B
|
Erythrocytes |
C
|
High-density Lipoproteins |
D
|
Gastrin |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 35 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following vasculature has the slowest blood flow rate? |
|
A
|
arteries |
B
|
venules |
C
|
capillaries |
D
|
aorta |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 36 |
Go |
Q:
|
There is a net loss of fluids from the blood vessels that pass through the capillaries. Osmotic pressure drives fluids into the blood while hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) drives fluids out of the blood. There is an initial loss of fluids at the beginning of the capillaries, with less loss towards the end of the capillaries. Which of the following is true? |
|
A
|
The difference between the osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure at the capillaries closer to the arteries is greater than the pressure difference in the capillaries closer to the veins. |
B
|
There is gain of fluid in the capillaries closer to the arteries and loss of fluid in the capillaries closer to the veins. |
C
|
The pressure in the capillaries is lower than the blood pressure in the veins. |
D
|
The difference between the osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure at the capillaries closer to the arteries is less than the pressure difference in the capillaries closer to the veins. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 38 |
Go |
Q:
|
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a collagen disorder which results in compromised reticular fibers in tissues. This has particularly severe implications the aorta, which may become brittle and rupture. Given this information, which of the following is true? |
|
A
|
Gastrointestinal problems may ensue from EDS |
B
|
EDS can directly affect the return of blood to the heart from venous circulation |
C
|
Oxygenated blood may leak out and not pass through systemic circulation |
D
|
Patients with EDS would be asymptomatic except in the case of congestive heart failure. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 39 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following events is most likely to increase blood pressure? |
|
A
|
decrease in antidiuretic hormone in the blood |
B
|
dehydration of the individual |
C
|
A rupture in the inferior vena cava resulting in blood leaking out into the thoracic cavity |
D
|
increase in the concentration of blood proteins |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 40 |
Go |
Q:
|
Hemoglobin has far more affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen at its binding site. When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, the bond is noncovalent. Which of the following accurately describes the type of inhibition exhibited by carbon monoxide on hemoglobin? |
|
A
|
competitive inhibition |
B
|
noncompetitive inhibition |
C
|
allosteric inhibition |
D
|
irreversible inhibition |
|
|
|
Tags:
Control of Enzyme Activity | Circulatory System | |
|
| 41 |
Go |
Q:
|
The heart does not lie in a perfectly straight position within the chest wall; in fact it lies diagonally pointing to the lower left of the body. Closest to the chest wall is the right ventricle, where it is noted that extremely little blood is received. A defect can be expected in the |
|
A
|
aortic valve |
B
|
vena cavae |
C
|
left ventricle |
D
|
tricuspid valves |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 42 |
Go |
Q:
|
Light-headedness is a common feeling in older individuals who rise too quickly off their seat. This is due to a decreased ability to vasoconstrict - when the individual stands up, blood from the head flows down under the added force of gravity. This depletion of blood from the brain can result in the light-headed sensation. This pressure drop is most apparent in vessels of high pressure. Which of the following would this phenomenon least effect? |
|
A
|
Arteries off the aorta |
B
|
Venules |
C
|
Capillaries |
D
|
Arterioles |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 43 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following holds for an individual with type A blood? |
|
A
|
They can donate to a type B |
B
|
They will likely not have a reaction to type B blood |
C
|
They can receive type O blood |
D
|
They can donate blood to a type O |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 44 |
Go |
Q:
|
One unpredictable side effect of the antibiotic chloramphenicol is aplastic anemia which is a reduced count of both red and white blood cells. One risk of aplastic anemia would include: |
|
A
|
inability to regulate the osmolarity of the blood |
B
|
increased diffusion rate out of the glomerulus |
C
|
decreased sensitivity of the retina to light |
D
|
increased susceptibility to infection |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 45 |
Go |
Q:
|
Certain fish possess cartilage instead of bones and produce their red blood cells in the spleen and related specialized structures. For such organisms, the function of the spleen is analogous to the function of human: |
|
A
|
liver |
B
|
kidney |
C
|
bone marrow |
D
|
pancreas |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 46 |
Go |
Q:
|
A heart defect results in a flipping of the aortic and pulmonic arteries but all the other structures identical. Which of the following is a correct statement about this condition? |
|
A
|
No blood would become oxygenated |
B
|
The direction of pulmonary circulation would reverse |
C
|
Systemic blood will lack oxygen |
D
|
The left ventricle will pump blood into the aorta |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 47 |
Go |
Q:
|
Fetal hemoglobin differs from maternal hemoglobin in that it |
|
A
|
Has a right-shifted oxygen saturation curve |
B
|
Has increased affinity for iron |
C
|
Has a left-shifted oxygen saturation curve |
D
|
Has an increased half-life |
|
|
|
Tags:
Embryonic Development | Circulatory System | |
|
| 48 |
Go |
Q:
|
An organ is found in a newly discovered organism. This particular organ contains some lymphoid cells and a large quantity of red blood cells (RBCs). Which of the following organs is this likely to be? |
|
A
|
Liver |
B
|
Pancreas |
C
|
Lymph node |
D
|
Spleen |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 49 |
Go |
Q:
|
A chemotherapeutic that functions by inhibiting rapid cell division is applied to a body. Which of the following tissues would be most greatly affected? |
|
A
|
the epithelium of the digestive tract |
B
|
the muscle cells of the heart |
C
|
neurons in the brain |
D
|
osteoblasts in the bone |
|
|
|
Tags:
Nervous System | Circulatory System | Digestive System | Musculoskeletal System | |
|
| 50 |
Go |
Q:
|
The lymphatic system uses skeletal muscle movements to help force interstitial fluids through the lymph system. During periods of prolonged inactivity, which of the following results could be expected as a result of the inactive lymph system? |
|
A
|
an increase in urine production |
B
|
a disturbance in circadian rhythm |
C
|
hypersensitivity to allergens |
D
|
a drop in blood pressure |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 51 |
Go |
Q:
|
A blood sample is withdrawn from a patient and spun down to remove the blood cells. The plasma is extracted and placed under a neutral atmosphere, and the oxygen gas is selectively removed. Which of the following would be expected of the pH of the plasma sample? |
|
A
|
the pH would rise |
B
|
the pH would drop |
C
|
the pH would be unaffected |
D
|
The answer cannot be determined with the given information. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 52 |
Go |
Q:
|
Gap junctions in cardiac myocytes are quite important for heart function. Their main purpose is for |
|
A
|
allowing for propagation of action potentials |
B
|
structural stability |
C
|
nutrient transport between cells |
D
|
all of the above |
|
|
|
Tags:
Membrane Transport and Signalling | Circulatory System | |
|
| 53 |
Go |
Q:
|
One major difference between blood flowing through the aorta and the blood flowing through the pulmonary arteries is that |
|
A
|
the blood flowing through the pulmonary arteries is oxygenated while the blood flowing through the aorta is deoxygenated. |
B
|
the blood flowing through the pulmonary arteries is deoxygenated while the blood flowing through the aorta is oxygenated. |
C
|
the blood flowing through the aorta has not yet had lymph recirculated into it while the blood flowing through the pulmonary arteries has had lymph recirculated. |
D
|
the blood flowing through the aorta has had lymph recirculated through it while the blood flowing through the pulmonary arteries has not had lymph recirculated. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 54 |
Go |
Q:
|
The partial pressure of oxygen is suddenly doubled throughout the entire systemic circulation. Which of the following holds true regarding the hemoglobin oxygen saturation after this change? |
|
A
|
Saturation will double |
B
|
Saturation will increase, but less than double |
C
|
Saturation will more than doubling |
D
|
There is not enough information |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 55 |
Go |
Q:
|
The pulmonary vein is responsible for |
|
A
|
bringing oxygenated blood to the left atrium |
B
|
bringing deoxygenated blood to the left atrium |
C
|
bringing oxygenated blood to the right atrium |
D
|
bringing deoxygenated blood to the right atrium |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 56 |
Go |
Q:
|
An individual holds their breath for 1 minute. Directly after this, various blood properties are measured. Which of the following would be observed? |
|
A
|
Decreased carbon dioxide concentration |
B
|
Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin |
C
|
Decreased pH |
D
|
Increased pH |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 57 |
Go |
Q:
|
Hydrostatic pressure of the blood in tissues is greater than its osmotic pressure, which causes leakage of fluid into the tissues. The reason this fluid does not accumulate and lead to persistent swelling is because: |
|
A
|
interstitial fluid is excreted as urine. |
B
|
interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system via the lymphatic system. |
C
|
interstitial fluid is released via sweating and respiration. |
D
|
the osmotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in other tissues, allowing for fluid to return directly to circulation via diffusion into the blood. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 58 |
Go |
Q:
|
A particular chemical agent acts to degrade DNA through manipulation of the phosphate backbone. Which of the following structures would likely be unaffected by such an agent?
I) red blood cells
II) platelets
III) adipocyte |
|
A
|
I and II only |
B
|
I and III only |
C
|
II and III only |
D
|
I, II, and III |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 59 |
Go |
Q:
|
Coagulation (clotting) factors in the blood are often released as zymogens. The rationale for this is |
|
A
|
to increase the time that a clot forms |
B
|
to decrease the time that a clot forms |
C
|
to prevent premature activation of the clot formation pathway |
D
|
two of the above are correct |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 60 |
Go |
Q:
|
The coronary arteries branch off of the aorta very shortly after the aorta leaves the heart. Compared to other tissues of the body, the capillaries of coronary flow are very close to the aorta. Therefore the primary challenge the coronary arteries face in delivering blood flow to the heart is |
|
A
|
preventing atherosclerotic lesions from blocking the flow around the vessels. |
B
|
maximizing the blood pressure due to the narrow flow path from the aorta. |
C
|
ensuring smooth flow rather than the variable pressures from the systole and diastole of the heart. |
D
|
minimizing the blood pressure to prevent bursting of the coronary vessels. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 61 |
Go |
Q:
|
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a medical condition caused by the drug heparin. It results from antibodies binding to the drug, and these antibody-heparin complexes result in hyper-activation of platelets within the body. Which of the following would be an outcome of HIT? |
|
A
|
Increased metabolic activity of the heart |
B
|
Decreased number of blood clots |
C
|
Increased susceptibility of infection |
D
|
None of the above |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 63 |
Go |
Q:
|
The foramen ovale is a fetal cardiac shunt that allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium. Which of the following is the primary result of this shunt? |
|
A
|
Blood bypasses the coronary arteries. |
B
|
Blood bypasses the fetal lungs. |
C
|
More blood passes through the brain than otherwise would. |
D
|
Blood goes directly from the fetal heart to the placenta. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 64 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following would be symptoms of an atrial septal defect (hole between the left and right atria allowing for blood mixing). |
|
A
|
decreased tolerance to exercise |
B
|
increased filtration rate in the glomerulus |
C
|
stunted growth |
D
|
decreased basal heart rate |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 65 |
Go |
Q:
|
Vasodilation in dermal capillaries would most likely lead to which of the following? |
|
A
|
Loss of body heat |
B
|
Decreased urine filtration |
C
|
Increase in blood pressure |
D
|
Increase in blood CO2 levels |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Skin | |
|
| 66 |
Go |
Q:
|
Amphibians have 3-chambered hearts which have two atria and a single ventricle which outputs to pulmonary and systemic circulation. Compared to a 4-chambered heart, the amphibian heart can be expected to have: |
|
A
|
single circulation rather than double circulation. |
B
|
lower levels of oxygenated blood reaching pulmonary circulation. |
C
|
decreased efficiency of oxygen-delivery to the tissues. |
D
|
higher levels of oxygenated blood reaching systemic circulation. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 67 |
Go |
Q:
|
Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation of a nucleated progenitor cell into a non-nucleated erythrocyte. Prior to the loss of its nucleus, the progenitor cell has a high concentration of ribosomes. This is most likely due to which of the following? |
|
A
|
production of nucleus-degrading proteases and nucleases |
B
|
production of hemoglobin |
C
|
maintenance of the enlarged nucleus |
D
|
secretion of paracrine differentiation proteins |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Circulatory System | |
|
| 68 |
Go |
Q:
|
Warfarin is a common anticoagulant. An individual on warfarin would be best to avoid which of the following? |
|
A
|
weight-lifting or other strenuous muscle activity |
B
|
cuts and bruises |
C
|
relaxation |
D
|
driving or other activities requiring mental acuity |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 69 |
Go |
Q:
|
Embolisms occur when a globular mass becomes lodged in a blood vessel, and can cause strokes. An embolism occurring due to a gas bubble in the blood is likely to occur when: |
|
A
|
alveolar pressure is very high |
B
|
an individual undergoes rapid decompression |
C
|
an individual is taking blood-thinning medications |
D
|
blood pressure is very high |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 70 |
Go |
Q:
|
The higher the pressure that goes through a particular vessel, the more rigid the vessel becomes. Using this logic, which of the following should be the most rigid? |
|
A
|
Vein |
B
|
Venule |
C
|
Artery |
D
|
Arteriole |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 71 |
Go |
Q:
|
An individual with blood type O produces no A or B antigen on their red blood cells. This individual can receive blood from which of the following? |
|
A
|
O only |
B
|
A and B only |
C
|
AB and O only |
D
|
A, B, AB, and O |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 72 |
Go |
Q:
|
A drug is found to target DNA Polymerase III. Which of the following cell types would be unaffected by this drug? |
|
A
|
red blood cells |
B
|
skin epithelial cells |
C
|
gut epithelial cells |
D
|
spermatogonia |
|
|
|
Tags:
DNA Replication and Repair | Circulatory System | |
|
| 73 |
Go |
Q:
|
A scientist develops an artificial hemoglobin protein by mutating the gene such that it binds to oxygen far more tightly than normal hemoglobin. Which of the following observations would be expected if the mutated hemoglobin replaced normal hemoglobin in a body? |
|
A
|
Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin would be decreased in the lungs |
B
|
Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin would be increased in the tissues |
C
|
The individual would feel more energized due to increased oxygenation of the body |
D
|
The individual would produce less lactic acid in their muscles |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 74 |
Go |
Q:
|
Plasma cells differentiate from which of the following cell types? |
|
A
|
T cells |
B
|
B cells |
C
|
macrophages |
D
|
dendritic cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 75 |
Go |
Q:
|
Alcohol can be detected on an individual's breath because it escapes the blood in the alveolar sacs and is emitted into exhaled air. The alcohol released in the alveoli comes directly from which part of the heart? |
|
A
|
left ventricle |
B
|
right venticle |
C
|
left atrium |
D
|
right atrium |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 76 |
Go |
Q:
|
Pulmonary hypertension is a condition where the pulmonary arterioles constrict, causing immense pressures in upstream circulation. The pressure in which portion of the pulmonary circuit is expected to be higher than that of a healthy individual? |
|
A
|
Aorta |
B
|
Left ventricle |
C
|
Right ventricle |
D
|
Pulmonary venules |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 77 |
Go |
Q:
|
Aplastic anemia is a disease where the bone marrow undergoes significant damage, resulting in a subtotal or total loss of cell production from the marrow. Which of the following populations of cells would not be expected to decrease in an individual with this condition? |
|
A
|
Red blood cells |
B
|
Monocytes |
C
|
Platelets |
D
|
Granulosa cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 78 |
Go |
Q:
|
What type of blood is rich in the pulmonary veins? |
|
A
|
Deoxyhemoglobin |
B
|
Oxyhemoglobin |
C
|
Carbaminohemoglobin |
D
|
Myoglobin |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 79 |
Go |
Q:
|
A mutation preventing the activation of thrombin would most affect which of the following? |
|
A
|
coagulation of blood |
B
|
activation of the adaptive immune system |
C
|
fatty acid metabolism |
D
|
regulation of plasma ion levels |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 80 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following vessels transports blood from the liver back to the heart? |
|
A
|
portal vein |
B
|
hepatic vein |
C
|
hepatic artery |
D
|
superior vena cava |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 81 |
Go |
Q:
|
It has been approximated that the heart pumps about 5L of blood throughout the body per minute. Which of the following is the best approximation for the number of liters of blood which flow through the pulmonary arteries, per minute? |
|
A
|
1 L |
B
|
2.5 L |
C
|
5 L |
D
|
Insufficient information provided |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 82 |
Go |
Q:
|
Motor vehicle accidents can frequently result in splenic rupture which requires that the spleen be surgically removed. In an individual who undergoes such a removal, which of the following effects would not be expected? |
|
A
|
Decreased red blood cell production |
B
|
Decreased filtration of red blood cells |
C
|
Decreased ability of the body to store red blood cells |
D
|
Decreased ability to fight certain infections |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
|
| 83 |
Go |
Q:
|
Transposition of the great arteries is a condition where a baby is born with the insertion of the aorta and pulmonary arteries to the heart flipped. Which effect would this have on the body? |
|
A
|
The right ventricle will pump blood to the pulmonary arteries |
B
|
There will be zero oxygenated blood within the body |
C
|
Systemic circulation will be unoxygenated |
D
|
The heart would no longer contain 4 chambers |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 84 |
Go |
Q:
|
Leghemoglobin is a plant protein similar in structure to human hemoglobin. However, its affinity for oxygen is approximately 10 times higher than that of human hemoglobin. Leghemoglobin would be expected to have which of the following effects on the human body if it replaced hemoglobin? |
|
A
|
Human blood with leghemoglobin would be less efficient at oxygen absorption in the lungs. |
B
|
Human blood with leghemoglobin would be less efficient at oxygen delivery in the tissues. |
C
|
Human blood with leghemoglobin would not be red. |
D
|
Human blood with leghemoglobin would not need white blood cells. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 85 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is false regarding a right-shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? |
|
A
|
It reflects decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. |
B
|
It is often times referred to as the Bohr effect. |
C
|
It can be caused by increased temperature. |
D
|
It can be caused by increased pH. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Protein Structure and Function | |
|
| 86 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which organ is responsible for the filtration of red blood cells? |
|
A
|
thymus |
B
|
thyroid |
C
|
liver |
D
|
spleen |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 87 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following contain valves to prevent retrograde flow of blood? |
|
A
|
arteries |
B
|
capillaries |
C
|
venules |
D
|
arterioles |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 88 |
Go |
Q:
|
A virus is discovered which causes indirect destruction to nuclear envelopes within cells. This property would be expected to have little effect on |
|
A
|
neural cells |
B
|
phagocytes |
C
|
pancreatic duct cells |
D
|
red blood cells |
|
|
|
Tags:
Viruses | Circulatory System | |
|
| 89 |
Go |
Q:
|
The greatest cross-sectional area, summed over all such structures in the body, is highest for: |
|
A
|
venules. |
B
|
capillaries. |
C
|
arterioles. |
D
|
arteries. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 90 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is correct in regard to the most common type of hemoglobin in normal adults? |
|
A
|
One molecule of hemoglobin contains 1 atom of iron |
B
|
One molecule of hemoglobin contains 4 atoms of iron |
C
|
The binding of oxygen is a non-cooperative process |
D
|
The the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin results in a hyperbolic curve |
|
|
|
Tags:
Protein Structure and Function | Circulatory System | |
|
| 91 |
Go |
Q:
|
Mature red blood cells have hemoglobin and no organelles. These cells metabolize glucose, which generates lactate, and can be used by the liver in gluconeogenesis. Which of the following does NOT explain why mature red blood cells metabolize glucose to lactate in order to generate energy? |
|
A
|
Anaerobic oxidation of pyruvate regenerates the NAD+ required for glycolysis to continue |
B
|
Oxygen is not available for the aerobic oxidation of glucose |
C
|
Mature red blood cells have no citric acid cycle |
D
|
Mature red blood cells have no mitochondria |
|
|
|
Tags:
Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, PPP | Circulatory System | Citric Acid Cycle | |
|
| 92 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following processes are used by red blood cells in mammals?
I. Glycolysis
II. Citric acid cycle
III. Electron transport chain |
|
A
|
I only
|
B
|
I and II only |
C
|
II and III only |
D
|
I and III only |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, PPP | |
|
| 93 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is true regarding the electrical impulses in the heart? |
|
A
|
The atrioventricular (AV) node initiates the heartbeat.
|
B
|
Purkinje cells in the ventricles control the heart rate.
|
C
|
The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the left atrium of the heart.
|
D
|
By stimulating the vagus nerve, the parasympathetic nervous system can decrease the rate at which electrical impulses are generated.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Nervous System | |
|
| 94 |
Go |
Q:
|
A new atherosclerosis drug has unexpected side effects which result in the obstruction of the lymph nodes. This obstruction of the lymph nodes would most likely result in: |
|
A
|
a reduction in the filtering of red blood cells.
|
B
|
the accumulation of interstitial fluids.
|
C
|
a reduction in white blood cell production.
|
D
|
lower blood pressure.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | Immune System | |
|
| 95 |
Go |
Q:
|
Vasoconstriction of a blood vessel would have which of the following affects at the site of constriction, assuming the volume of blood passing through does not change? |
|
A
|
The velocity of the blood flow would increase. |
B
|
The cross-sectional area of the vessel would increase. |
C
|
Constriction involves muscle relaxation. |
D
|
The rate of gas exchange in the region would increase. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Fluids | Circulatory System | |
|
| 96 |
Go |
Q:
|
During a heart transplant, the Vagus nerve is severed, eliminating parasympathetic control. Assuming nerve regrowth does not occur, what impact would Vagus nerve severance have on the heart? |
|
A
|
Adrenaline would be unable to increase the heart rate. |
B
|
The heart would be unable to beat without an artificial electrical stimulus. |
C
|
In a transplant patient at rest, the heart would beat faster than it would in a non-transplant patient at rest. |
D
|
The heart would have difficulty properly timing atrial and ventricular contractions. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Nervous System | Circulatory System | |
|
| 97 |
Go |
Q:
|
The volume of blood that fits into a 10 cm section of an artery with a diameter of 0.5 cm would fit into a venule with a diameter of 0.1 cm of what length? |
|
A
|
25 cm |
B
|
50 cm |
C
|
500 cm |
D
|
250 cm |
|
|
|
Tags:
Fluids | Circulatory System | |
|
| 98 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following would be most likely to occur with a defect causing a leak in the right ventricle? |
|
A
|
Systolic blood pressure would decrease significantly. |
B
|
Venous pressure would increase. |
C
|
Pulmonary blood pressure would decrease. |
D
|
Aortic blood pressure would decrease significantly. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 100 |
Go |
Q:
|
In heart attacks, a thrombus (clot) often forms within the lumen of the coronary blood vessels. Various medications are provided in order to diminish the clot or prevent further clot formation. These drugs can be anticipated to work on: |
|
A
|
red blood cells. |
B
|
platelets. |
C
|
white blood cells. |
D
|
macrophages. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 101 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following vessels contain one-way valves?
I. arterioles
II. veins
III. lymphatic vessels |
|
A
|
II only |
B
|
I and III only |
C
|
II and III only |
D
|
I, II and III only |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 102 |
Go |
Q:
|
There are several cardiac procedures in which a catheter is advanced in a retrograde fashion through the aorta to enter the heart. Which of the following depicts the correct order of structures the catheter would enter? |
|
A
|
aorta, left atrium, left ventricle |
B
|
aorta, right atrium, right ventricle |
C
|
aorta, left ventricle, left atrium |
D
|
aorta, right ventricle, right atrium |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 103 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is accurate regarding cardiac signal conduction? |
|
A
|
Electric signals travel from th AV node to the SA node. |
B
|
The AV node is slow to depolarize compared with the SA node. |
C
|
The electric signal travels from the SA node to the AV node via the bundle of His. |
D
|
Purkinje fibers assist with atrial depolarization. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 104 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following vessels precedes the pulmonary artery in circulation? |
|
A
|
vena cava |
B
|
pulmonary vein |
C
|
left atrium |
D
|
descending aorta |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 105 |
Go |
Q:
|
During diastole, it is expected that: |
|
A
|
the mitral valve is open and the tricuspid valve is closed. |
B
|
the mitral valve and the aortic valves are open. |
C
|
the pulmonic and tricuspid valves are open. |
D
|
the mitral and tricuspid valves are open. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 106 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following physiologic changes would result in a rightward shift of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation curve? |
|
A
|
decreased temperature |
B
|
increased pH |
C
|
increased number of hemoglobin molecules in the blood |
D
|
increased carbon dioxide load in the body |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 107 |
Go |
Q:
|
The vena cavae contain: |
|
A
|
oxygenated blood leaving the heart. |
B
|
deoxygenated blood leaving the heart. |
C
|
oxygenated blood returning to the heart. |
D
|
deoxygenated blood returning to the heart. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 108 |
Go |
Q:
|
An experiment is performed where particular physiologic maneuvers cause increased function of the vagus nerve. This would be expected to: |
|
A
|
decrease the heart rate. |
B
|
increase the rate of depolarization through the His-Purkinje fibers |
C
|
decrease the time the heart spends in systole. |
D
|
preferentially increase contractility of the left ventricle. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 109 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following could explain the decreased heart rate of an individual presenting to the clinic? |
|
A
|
increased activity of the vagus nerve |
B
|
increased activity of the SA node |
C
|
increased activity of AV node |
D
|
increased sympathetic tone |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 110 |
Go |
Q:
|
Plasmin is typically responsible for: |
|
A
|
to formation of additional clot. |
B
|
the breakdown of clot. |
C
|
stabilization of clot by fibrin. |
D
|
activation of thrombin. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 111 |
Go |
Q:
|
The Bohr effect serves to: |
|
A
|
right-shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in response to decreased pH. |
B
|
increase partial pressure of oxygen in response to increases in temperature. |
C
|
potentiate binding of oxygen to hemoglobin after at least one oxygen molecule has already bound. |
D
|
change the conformation of hemoglobin to a low affinity for oxygen state in response to more acidic conditions. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 112 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following does not serve as a function of the lymphatic system? |
|
A
|
showing pathogens to cells of the immune system |
B
|
draining fluid from tissues back to the heart |
C
|
maintenance of appropriate blood pressure |
D
|
transport of fats |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 113 |
Go |
Q:
|
The most deoxygenated blood would be expected to be found in which structure? |
|
A
|
vena cava |
B
|
right atrium |
C
|
left atrium |
D
|
venules of the gut |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 114 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is false regarding hemoglobin and its oxygen-binding abilities? |
|
A
|
Hemoglobin exhibits cooperative binding for oxygen. |
B
|
Decreased pH shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right. |
C
|
Increased temperature shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right. |
D
|
Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin increases with decreased partial pressure of oxygen. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 115 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following components can be found in plasma?
I. globulins
II. platelets
III. clotting factors
|
|
A
|
I and II only |
B
|
III only |
C
|
I and III only |
D
|
I, II, and III |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 116 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following physiologic changes would result in a more rapid heart rate? |
|
A
|
decreased SA node activity |
B
|
decreased AV node activity |
C
|
going from a walking position to sitting |
D
|
decreased parasympathetic activity of the vagus nerve |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 117 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is true regarding the cardiac cycle? |
|
A
|
Systole is shorter than diastole |
B
|
Blood can normally flow between the left and right ventricles |
C
|
Blood can normally flow between the left and right atria |
D
|
Cardiac depolarization starts at the ventricles and migrates to the atria |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 118 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following structures of the heart is responsible for slowing electrical conduction? |
|
A
|
SA node |
B
|
AV node |
C
|
atrial cardiomyocytes |
D
|
ventricular cardiomyocytes |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 119 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following muscle types contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum?
I. smooth
II. cardiac
III. skeletal |
|
A
|
III only |
B
|
I and II only |
C
|
II and III only |
D
|
I, II and III |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 120 |
Go |
Q:
|
In the cardiovascular system, increases in pressure in one region cause a direct increase in pressure in the vascular components that precede the region in terms of blood flow. A significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure would result in a direct increase of pressure in the: |
|
A
|
left atrium. |
B
|
left ventricle. |
C
|
aorta. |
D
|
right atrium. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Circulatory System | |
|
| 121 |
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Q:
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A blood cell is tagged in the right ventricle of the heart. Which of the following structures would be expected to see this tagged blood cell first? |
|
A
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right atrium |
B
|
left atrium |
C
|
pulmonary artery |
D
|
pulmonary vein |
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|
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Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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Q:
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Blood flow is expected to be the fastest through which of the following: |
|
A
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aorta. |
B
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capillaries. |
C
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venules. |
D
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arterioles. |
|
|
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Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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| 123 |
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Q:
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A pulmonary embolism is a medical condition where a blood clot, typically from veins in the legs, may form, become dislodged, and ultimately make its way and get stuck in pulmonary vasculature directly after passing through the heart, which results in pulmonary issues and sometimes death. In which of the following structures would such a clot be expected to be found? |
|
A
|
pulmonary vein |
B
|
pulmonary artery |
C
|
left atrium |
D
|
aortic outflow |
|
|
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Tags:
Respiratory System | Circulatory System | |
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| 124 |
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Q:
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Starting from the right ventricle, blood passes through all of the following structures EXCEPT: |
|
A
|
Right Atrium |
B
|
Left Atrium |
C
|
Pulmonary Artery |
D
|
Pulmonary Vein |
|
|
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Tags:
Circulatory System | |
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