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| 1 |
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Q:
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Organelles such as mitochondria, nuclear membrane, and the endoplasmic reticulum are found in which of the following types of organisms? |
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A
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Archaea |
B
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Bacteria |
C
|
Viruses |
D
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Protists |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 2 |
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Q:
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Movement of ions across the membrane from higher to lower concentrations through a channel protein is an example of |
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A
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Facilitated diffusion |
B
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Simple diffusion |
C
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Active transport |
D
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Osmosis |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 3 |
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Q:
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Which of the following would be most likely processed by Golgi bodies? |
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A
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nucleic acids |
B
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ribosomes |
C
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ATP |
D
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polypeptides |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 4 |
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Q:
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The site of oxidative metabolism in eukaryotes is the mitochondrion, which utilizes specialized membranes in order to generate ATP. What is the analogous structure in prokaryotes used to carry out oxidative metabolism? |
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A
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outer membrane |
B
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plasma membrane |
C
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nuclear membrane |
D
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cell wall |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Prokaryotes | |
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| 5 |
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Q:
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A sample of muscle tissue is noted to take significantly longer than regular muscle tissue when it comes to spreading an action potential from muscle cell to muscle cell. After investigation, biologists deduce that the problem with the tissue is structural, rather than chemical, and is likely related to a problem with the cellular membranes. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this problem? |
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A
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There is an irregularity with the size or existence of gap junctions. |
B
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There is a structural error in the desmosomes of the cell, causing excessive membrane elasticity. |
C
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There is an excess of tight junctions, preventing the action potential from propagating. |
D
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There is a mutation in the gene for the membrane receptors which assist in propagating action potentials. |
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Musculoskeletal System | |
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| 6 |
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Q:
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Under testing, chromosomal DNA of an unknown organism is shown to have an unusually large amount of repetition of several nucleotides at the ends. Identify what this repetition is and what does it imply about the eukaryote?
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A
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The repetition is a telomere. The repetition implies that the cell undergoes frequent replication, and thus has long telomeres to prevent rapid erosion of the chromosomes.
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B
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The repetition is an Okazaki Fragment. The repetition implies that the cell undergoes frequent replication, and thus has extra long telomeres to prevent rapid erosion of the chromosomes.
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C
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The repetition is a telomere. The repetition implies that the chromosome contains a significant amount of excess genomic data, much of which is never translated.
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D
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The repetition is the promoter region of the chromosome. The repetition implies that the chromosome contains a significant amount of excess genomic data, much of which is never translated.
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Tags:
Nucleic Acid Structure and Function | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 7 |
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Q:
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Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in human beings? |
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A
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Mitochondrial matrix |
B
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Outer mitochondrial membrane |
C
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Inner mitochondrial membrane |
D
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Intermembrane space of the mitochondria |
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Tags:
Citric Acid Cycle | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 8 |
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Q:
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Which of the following structures is most necessary for the proper function of cardiac muscle?
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A
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tight junction |
B
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desmosome |
C
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gap junction |
D
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centriole |
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Circulatory System | |
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| 9 |
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Q:
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Which of the following is NOT a product of eukaryotes? |
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A
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glycosylated proteins |
B
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peptidoglycan |
C
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cellulose |
D
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chitin |
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 10 |
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Q:
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Peroxisomes are single-membrane vesicles with high concentrations of catalase and urate oxidase. In a mutant lacking catalase, what is the most likely result in the cell? |
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A
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the inability to break down glycogen |
B
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the inability to break down uric acid |
C
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the inability to breakdown fatty acids |
D
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the inability to breakdown accumulated peroxide |
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Tags:
Enzyme Structure and Function | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 11 |
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Q:
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In animals, enzymes and hormones are similar in that both substances |
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A
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do not contain the element nitrogen |
B
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function only within cells |
C
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are products of cell synthesis |
D
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must be ingested |
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|
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Tags:
Enzyme Structure and Function | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 14 |
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Q:
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Autophagy is the process by which |
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A
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The cell digests and recycles its own components in the Golgi apparatus. |
B
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The cell digests and recycles its own components in the lysosomes. |
C
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The cell apoptoses and digests its components via ruptured Golgi apparatus. |
D
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The cell apoptoses and digests its components via ruptured lysosomes. |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 15 |
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Q:
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Cyclic AMP is a common member of signal transduction pathways. In many cases, cAMP indirectly regulates ATP production. High concentrations of cAMP indicate a high rate of ATP use in the cell. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of high cAMP concentrations in the cell?
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A
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increase in the rate of glucose metabolism
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B
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decrease in the rate of glycogen metabolism
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C
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decrease in the rate of ATP production
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D
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increase in the rate of ATP dephosphorylation
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 16 |
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Q:
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Eukaryotic organelles are membrane-bound. These membranes are composed primarily of |
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A
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protein |
B
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phospholipid |
C
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carbohydrate |
D
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polysaccharide |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 17 |
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Q:
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Crystallography is a visualization technique to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids. It has been incredibly useful in discovering the structures of many proteins, such as hemoglobin. Difficulties arise when crystallography is attempted on non-polar molecules, such as proteins high in valine or alanine. Using this information, which of the following would be most difficult to visualize using crystallography? |
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A
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A ribosome |
B
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A viral protein from HIV |
C
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A trans-membrane protein |
D
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A digestive protease |
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Tags:
Membrane Transport and Signalling | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 18 |
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Q:
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All are components of eukaryotic cell membranes, except: |
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A
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Glycolipid |
B
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Cholesterol |
C
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Phospholipid |
D
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Peptidoglycan |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 19 |
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Q:
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Which of the following cell types lacks a nucleus? |
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A
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erythrocyte |
B
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leukocyte |
C
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adipocyte |
D
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melanocyte |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 20 |
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Q:
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Microbes often sequester various soluble cellular components such as iron or overabundant proteins into inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies are large, insoluble aggregates which can then be degraded slowly as the contents are needed for cellular function. Which of the following would be an effect of a cell forming inclusion bodies of soluble Component X in its cytosol? |
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A
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reducing osmotic pressure in the cell |
B
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reshaping the cell from being cylindrical to being spherical |
C
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reducing the ability of the cell to import more of Component X into the cell |
D
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increasing the propensity of the cell to lyse |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 21 |
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Q:
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The primary function of lysosomes is to |
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A
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digest macromolecules, organelles, and microorganisms. |
B
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be released and used as extracellular defense mechanisms. |
C
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produce ATP for the cell. |
D
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transport macromolecules to and from the nucleus. |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 22 |
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Q:
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Beta cells are cells in the pancreas which release insulin after eating a meal. Which of the following could be seen intracellularly in such cells? |
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A
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Bile salt transporters localized to the nucleus |
B
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Peptidoglycan in the cellular membrane |
C
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High concentrations of actin filaments |
D
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A relatively large amount of rough ER |
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|
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Tags:
Hormonal Regulation | Eukaryotic Cells | Digestive System | |
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| 24 |
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Q:
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Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody in the body commonly seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Autoantibody implies that it is an antibody which binds to the individual's own proteins. Which of the following would not be a molecule RF could bind to?
I. antibodies
II. membrane phospholipids
III. viral reverse transcriptase |
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A
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I and II only |
B
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II only |
C
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II and III only |
D
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I, II, and III |
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Viruses | |
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| 25 |
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Q:
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Liquefactive necrosis involves the degradation of tissue architecture, leaving cell debris that is removed by the immune system. The process of degrading the tissue is most likely mediated by which of the following? |
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A
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Hydrolytic enzymes from lysozomes |
B
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Chaperone proteins from the Golgi apparatus |
C
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Peroxidases from peroxisomes |
D
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Proteases from the cytosol |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 26 |
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Q:
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Acute cyanide poisoning results in the inhibition of the electron transport chain in mitochondria and lactic acidosis. This lethal mechanism is most similar to which of the following? |
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A
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Asphyxiation |
B
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Starvation |
C
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Hemorrhage |
D
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Apoptosis |
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|
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Tags:
Oxidative Phosphorylation | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 27 |
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Q:
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Cephalopods like cuttlefish contain chromatophores which are specialized pigment-containing organelles in cells. These cells most closely resemble which of the following mammalian cells? |
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A
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erythrocytes |
B
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hepatocytes |
C
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adipocytes |
D
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melanocytes |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Skin | |
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| 28 |
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Q:
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Which of the following genes would be most conserved among different species of animals? |
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A
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genes for the notochord |
B
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genes that govern germ layer differentiation |
C
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the gene for ATP synthase |
D
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genes for feathers |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 29 |
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Q:
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding mitochondria? |
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A
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they possess an inner and an outer membrane |
B
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they have circular chromosomes |
C
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the NADH and FADH2 they use must be imported, as they do not produce any themselves |
D
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they have their own ribosomes separate from the cellular ribosomes |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 30 |
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Q:
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A receptor ligand that does not elicit a biological response
but binds to a receptor and blocks other molecules from eliciting
responses is called |
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A
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ligand antagonist |
B
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ligand agonist |
C
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receptor antagonist |
D
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receptor agonist |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 31 |
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Q:
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named because of ribosomes on its membrane. Which of the following statements best describes the way in which these ribosomes translate proteins? |
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A
|
From the cytosol, into the intermembrane space of the endoplasmic reticulum |
B
|
From the cytosol, into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum |
C
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From the intermembrane space of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the cytosol |
D
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From the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the cytosol |
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|
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Tags:
Genetic Code, Transcription, Translation | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 32 |
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Q:
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For a mutation that caused pores to open in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which of the following effects would be seen in the organism? |
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A
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Decreased production of ATP |
B
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Reduced ability to perform the Krebs cycle |
C
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Reduced affinity of pyruvate for Coenzyme A |
D
|
Decreased efficiency of the electron transport chain |
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|
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Tags:
Oxidative Phosphorylation | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 33 |
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Q:
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Certain viruses infect their hosts not by injecting nucleic acid into the cell, but by activating receptors to bring the whole virus particle into the cell. This import mechanism is an example of which of the following? |
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A
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
B
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Pinocytosis |
C
|
Exocytosis |
D
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Facilitated diffusion |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Viruses | |
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| 34 |
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Q:
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Chloroplasts in plants have circular chromosomes, possess their own ribosomes, and control their own replication cycle. This has them resemble closely which of the following organelles? |
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A
|
Nucleus |
B
|
Mitochondria |
C
|
Endoplasmic reticulum |
D
|
Golgi apparatus |
|
|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 35 |
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Q:
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A cell which lacks a nucleus can do all of the following except |
|
A
|
convert glucose into energy |
B
|
regulate intracellular ion concentrations |
C
|
be entered by a virus |
D
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respond to steroid hormones |
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|
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Tags:
Hormonal Regulation | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 36 |
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Q:
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Protoplasts are cells that have had their cell walls completely removed. Compared to their cell-walled counterparts, protoplasts would be far more sensitive to which of the following? |
|
A
|
changes in temperature |
B
|
presence of lysozyme |
C
|
changes in osmolarity |
D
|
lack of nutrients |
|
|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 37 |
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Q:
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Antibiotics like azithromycin act against bacteria by binding and inhibiting their ribosomes. Antimycotics used against fungi generally avoid targeting ribosomes because: |
|
A
|
fungal ribosomes are more resilient than bacterial ribosomes. |
B
|
fungal ribosomes are much more similar to human ribosomes than bacterial ribosomes are to human ribosomes. |
C
|
fungi do not use ribosomes, so targeting them would have no effect. |
D
|
fungi cell walls prevent entry of antimycotics, so other means of infection treatment are necessary. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 38 |
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Q:
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Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation of a nucleated progenitor cell into a non-nucleated erythrocyte. Prior to the loss of its nucleus, the progenitor cell has a high concentration of ribosomes. This is most likely due to which of the following? |
|
A
|
production of nucleus-degrading proteases and nucleases |
B
|
production of hemoglobin |
C
|
maintenance of the enlarged nucleus |
D
|
secretion of paracrine differentiation proteins |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Circulatory System | |
|
| 39 |
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Q:
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the metabolism of lipids and steroids. Which of the following tissues would be expected to have cells with an enlarged smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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A
|
testes |
B
|
pancreas |
C
|
hypothalamus |
D
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thyroid |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Endocrine System | |
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| 40 |
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Q:
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Which of the following incorrectly pairs a cellular process with the location in which that process occurs in a eukaryotic cell? |
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A
|
translation, mitochondria |
B
|
glycosylation, endoplasmic reticulum |
C
|
Krebs cycle, mitochondrial intermembrane space |
D
|
fatty acid catabolism, peroxisome |
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|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Prokaryotes | |
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| 41 |
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Q:
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Amoeba are unicellular organisms that possess a cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and a nucelus. Amoeba can therefore be classified as which of the following? |
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A
|
viruses |
B
|
fungi |
C
|
prokaryotes |
D
|
eukaryotes |
|
|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 42 |
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Q:
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Which of the following would be expected in a population of eukaryotic cells under low-oxygen stress? |
|
A
|
increase in presence of oxidative radicals |
B
|
a higher pH in the mitochondrial intermembrane space |
C
|
decrease in fermentation processes |
D
|
upregulation of the Krebs cycle |
|
|
|
Tags:
Oxidative Phosphorylation | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 43 |
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Q:
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A student is studying a particular cell and finds an organelle which is found to phosphorylate translated proteins. Which of the following organelles could this be? |
|
A
|
Cytoskeletal components |
B
|
Golgi body |
C
|
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
D
|
Mitochondria |
|
|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 44 |
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Q:
|
Which of the following cell types does not contain a non-zero resting membrane potential? |
|
A
|
Neuron |
B
|
Cardiomyocyte (heart muscle cell) |
C
|
Pancreatic cells |
D
|
All cells have non-zero membrane potentials |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 45 |
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Q:
|
Brown fat is a type of adipose tissue that contains many more mitochondria than white fat. As such, which of the following would be expected of brown fat? |
|
A
|
Brown fat would have more blood vessels due to higher oxygen demand than white fat. |
B
|
Brown fat would have fewer blood vessels due to higher oxygen demand than white fat. |
C
|
Brown fat would have more blood vessels due to lower oxygen demand than white fat. |
D
|
Brown fat would have fewer blood vessels due to lower oxygen demand than white fat. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 46 |
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Q:
|
In which of the following structures are deoxyribonucleic acids found?
I. Nucleus
II. rough ER
III. Mitochondria
|
|
A
|
I only |
B
|
I and II only |
C
|
I and III only |
D
|
I, II, and III |
|
|
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Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 47 |
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Q:
|
Ribosomes as molecular structures have been found to be highly evolutionarily conserved. It has been found that: |
|
A
|
prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have identical ribosome structures. |
B
|
prokaryotes do not have ribosomes. |
C
|
eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are both composed of 2 subunits. |
D
|
eukaryotes and prokaryotes have similar ribosomes, however they are not used for translation in prokaryotes. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Evolution | Eukaryotic Cells | Prokaryotes | |
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| 48 |
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Q:
|
Which of the following is NOT true regarding prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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A
|
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are bound by plasma membranes
|
B
|
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use DNA as their genetic material
|
C
|
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles
|
D
|
While eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles, prokaryotes do not
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|
|
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Tags:
Prokaryotes | Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 49 |
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Q:
|
Which of the following best describes the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells in animals? |
|
A
|
Embryonic stem cells have fewer genes than adult stem cells
|
B
|
Embryonic stem cells only undergo meiosis whereas adult stem cells can undergo meiosis and mitosis
|
C
|
Embryonic stem cells give rise to more tissue types than adult stem cells do
|
D
|
Compared to adult stem cells which are spread throughout the entire body, embryonic stem cells are localized to specific sites within the embryo
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology | |
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| 50 |
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Q:
|
During secretion, which of the following cellular organelles is NOT used to move a secreted protein? |
|
A
|
Vesicle |
B
|
Vacuole |
C
|
Golgi apparatus |
D
|
Nucleus |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 51 |
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Q:
|
A drug inhibiting cell division at anaphase would be most effective against which of the following? |
|
A
|
prokaryote |
B
|
virus |
C
|
eukaryote |
D
|
prion |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Prokaryotes | |
|
| 52 |
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Q:
|
Mucins are a group of highly-glycosylated proteins which are excreted from cells, for example for the production of mucus. Based on this information, mucins are likely translated: |
|
A
|
into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
B
|
in the Golgi apparatus. |
C
|
in the nucleus. |
D
|
in the cytosol. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 55 |
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Q:
|
Which of the following cellular processes would NOT occur in a cell without membrane-bound organelles? |
|
A
|
Electron Transport Chain |
B
|
Translation |
C
|
Mitosis |
D
|
Active transport |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 56 |
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Q:
|
What type of cell junction is highly keratinized? |
|
A
|
gap junctions |
B
|
tight junctions |
C
|
synaptic junctions |
D
|
desmosomes |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 57 |
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Q:
|
While growing a culture of yeast cells, a carbon source is added and the growth is observed over time. The observer notices there is no lag phase for the growth of these cells. Which of the following best explains the observation? |
|
A
|
The yeast cells had already stored their preferred carbon source and did not experience a growth lag while they adapted to the new carbon source. |
B
|
The yeast cells were previously dormant and needed to rejuvenate quickly. |
C
|
The yeast cells had already adapted to use that carbon source. |
D
|
The yeast cells were added to the culture medium at an already high density. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 58 |
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Q:
|
Digestion of materials brought into a cell by endocytosis occurs in which organelle? |
|
A
|
mitochondria |
B
|
Golgi apparatus |
C
|
endoplasmic reticulum |
D
|
lysosome |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 59 |
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Q:
|
A nucleosome is defined as: |
|
A
|
a set of eight histones. |
B
|
the condensed form of chromatin. |
C
|
a single protein unit which binds to DNA strands. |
D
|
a set of several regions on a chromosome. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Human Genetics | Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 60 |
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Q:
|
Pinocytosis refers to: |
|
A
|
diffusion of fluid between cells. |
B
|
fusion of two reproducing cells. |
C
|
effusion of various molecules between cells. |
D
|
cellular ingestion of liquid. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 61 |
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Q:
|
Mitochondria divide via: |
|
A
|
mitosis. |
B
|
meiosis. |
C
|
binary fission. |
D
|
translocative replication. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 62 |
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Q:
|
Catabolism of long chain fatty acids is facilitated by: |
|
A
|
rough ER. |
B
|
smooth ER. |
C
|
the golgi apparatus. |
D
|
peroxisomes. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 63 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following correctly depicts the activity of the sodium potassium pump? |
|
A
|
pumps out three sodium ions, pumps in two potassium ions |
B
|
pumps out two sodium ions, pumps in two potassium ions |
C
|
pumps in three sodium ions, pumps out two potassium ions |
D
|
pumps in two sodium ions, pumps out two potassium ions |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 64 |
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Q:
|
Which of the following is false regarding histones? |
|
A
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Nucleosomes are important structural units of DNA in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. |
B
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Histones are highly positively charged. |
C
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Histones are critical for packaging DNA. |
D
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Histones are only found in the nuclei of cells. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
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| 65 |
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Q:
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Which of the following is not a typical element of a plasma membrane? |
|
A
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glycoproteins |
B
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glycolipids |
C
|
phospholipids |
D
|
glycolysis enzymes |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 66 |
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Q:
|
The G2 phase of the cell cycle: |
|
A
|
directly follows G1. |
B
|
directly precedes mitosis. |
C
|
is where chromosomes are duplicated. |
D
|
is a pattern of cell cycle arrest. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 67 |
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Q:
|
The endoplasmic reticulum serves all of the following functions except: |
|
A
|
serving as a ribosomal site within the cell. |
B
|
release of hydrolytic enzymes. |
C
|
manufacture of lipids. |
D
|
assisting with protein transport. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 68 |
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Q:
|
A chemoheterotroph is an organism which: |
|
A
|
are unable to fix carbon to form organic compounds. |
B
|
utilize solar energy. |
C
|
can be used to classify fungi. |
D
|
can utilize carbon dioxide to produce organic molecules. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
| 69 |
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Q:
|
Which of the following is false regarding the electron transport chain? |
|
A
|
it is a component of oxidative phosphorylation. |
B
|
it lives on the outer mitochondrial membrane. |
C
|
it is crucial for ATP production within eukaryotic cells. |
D
|
it functionally oxidizes the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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| 70 |
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Q:
|
Intracellular transport is mediated via the: |
|
A
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mitochondria. |
B
|
lysosomes. |
C
|
nucleolus. |
D
|
golgi apparatus. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Eukaryotic Cells | |
|
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